Editorial Board

Click on the publication link below to view the editorial board listing.

Newspapers

Cardiology Today
Cardiology Today’s Intervention
Endocrine Today
HCV Next
Healio Gastroenterology
Healio Rheumatology
HemOnc Today
Infectious Diseases in Children
Infectious Disease News
O&P News
Ocular Surgery News US Edition
Ocular Surgery News Europe Edition
Ocular Surgery News Latin America Edition
Ocular Surgery News Asia-Pacific Edition
Orthopedics Today
Orthopedics Today Europe
Primary Care Optometry News
Spine Surgery Today

Journals

Athletic Training & Sports Health Care
HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
Journal of Gerontological Nursing
Journal of Nursing Education
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
Journal of Refractive Surgery
Orthopedics
OSLI Retina
Pediatric Annals
Psychiatric Annals
Research in Gerontological Nursing
The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing

Newspapers

Carl J. Pepine, MD, Chief Medical Editor

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Arrhythmia Disorders
Section Editor:
Peter Kowey, MD
Members:
Andrew E. Epstein, MD
Bernard Gersh, MB, ChB, Dphil
Dan M. Roden, MD
William G. Stevenson, MD
Albert L. Waldo, MD
Bruce L. Wilkoff, MD
CHD & Prevention
Section Editor:
Roger S. Blumenthal, MD
Members:
Joseph Alpert, MD
C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD
Vera Bittner, MD
Eugene Braunwald, MD
Kanu Chatterjee, MD
Melvin Cheitlin, MD
Peter Cohn, MD
Rhonda Cooper-DeHoff, PharmD
Michael H. Davidson, MD
Paul L. Douglass, MD
William H. Frishman, MD
Peter Ganz, MD
Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD
Lawrence Horwitz, MD
Allan S. Jaffe, MD
Seth S. Martin, MD
L. Kristin Newby, MD
Rita Redberg, MD
Robert Roberts, MD
William C. Roberts, MD
Udho Thadani, MD
Viola Vaccarino, MD
Douglas Vaughan, MD
Nanette K. Wenger, MD
HF & Transplantation
Section Editor:
James B. Young, MD
Members:
Jay Cohn, MD
Uri Elkayam, MD
Barry Greenberg, MD
Jon Kobashigawa, MD
Douglas Mann, MD
Ileana Pina, MD
Frank Smart, MD
Imaging
Section Editor:
W. Gregory Hundley, MD
Members:
Daniel Berman, MD
Bernard R. Chaitman, MD
Ami Iskandrian, MD
Joao Lima, MD
Randy Martin, MD
Jagat Narula, MD, PhD, MACC
Steven Nissen, MD
Nathaniel Reichek, MD
Heinrich Schelbert, MD
Kim Allan Williams, MD
Barry L. Zaret, MD
Intervention
Members:
Thomas Bashore, MD
Deepak L Bhatt, MD
Marc Cohen, MD
David Faxon, MD
David Holmes, Jr., MD
Michael Jaff, DO
Spencer King, III, MD
George Vetrovec, MD
Practice Management & Quality Care
Section Editor:
L. Samuel Wann, MD
Members:
Leslee Shaw, PhD
W. Douglas Weaver, MD
William Weintraub, MD
Raymond Woosley, MD
Vascular Medicine
Section Editor:
Peter Libby, MD
Members:
George Bakris, MD
Bradford C. Berk, MD, PhD
Larry B. Goldstein, MD
Douglas Losordo, MD
Franz Messerli, MD
Renu Virmani, MD
Michael Weber, MD
Y. Joe Woo, MD
Fellows Advisory Board
Members:
Haitham M. Ahmed, MD, MPH
Lauren Gray Gilstrap, MD
Seamus P. Whelton, MD, MPH

Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE, Chief Medical Editor

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Members:
Anastasia Albanese-O’Neill, PhD, APRN, CDE
Mary Austin, MA, RD, CDE
George Bakris, MD
David S. H. Bell, MB, FACE
James Bennett, RPh, FACA, CDM, CDE
Donald A. Bergman, MD
Joseph R. Bertino, MD
Dennis M. Bier, MD
Robert D. Blank, MD, PhD
Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD
George A. Bray, MD
Stephen A. Brietzke, MD
Edward C. Chao, DO
Philip Cryer, MD
Glenn R. Cunningham, MD
Kenneth Cusi, MD, FACP, FACE
Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, FRCP
Paresh Dandona, MD, PhD
Dawn Belt Davis, MD, PhD
L.J. Deftos, MD, JD, LLM
Richard Dolinar, MD
Andrew Drexler, MD
Steven V. Edelman, MD
Jeffrey R. Garber, MD
Steven M. Haffner, MD
Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FACE, FNLA
Jerome M. Hershman, MD
Lois Jovanovic, MD
Laurence Katznelson, MD
Michael Kleerekoper, MD, MACE
Stephanie L. Lee, MD, PhD
Derek LeRoith, MD, PhD
Philip Levy, MD
Janet B. McGill, MD
Shlomo Melmed, MD, FRCP
John E. Nestler, MD
Kwame Osei, MD, FACE, FACP
Carl J. Pepine, MD
Robert W. Rebar, MD
Richard J. Robbins, MD
Paul Saenger, MD, MACE
Janet H. Silverstein, MD
Mark A. Sperling, MD
Emily Szmuilowicz, MD
Ronald Tamler, MD, PhD, MBA
Michelle P. Warren, MD
Susan Weiner, MS, RDN, CDE, CDN
Peter W. F. Wilson, MD

Richard F. Jacobs, MD, Chief Medical Editor

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Members:
M. Douglas Baker, MD
Robert Baltimore, MD
Edward A. Bell, PharmD, BCPS
Henry H. Bernstein, DO
Steven B. Black, MD
Stan L. Block, MD
Joseph A. Bocchini, MD
James H. Brien, DO
C. Buddy Creech, MD, MPH
Toni Darville, MD
Kathryn M. Edwards, MD
Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD
Margaret C. Fisher, MD
Sheila Fallon Friedlander, MD
William T. Gerson, MD
Matthew J. Greenhawt, MD
Fernando Guerra, MD
Alejandro Hoberman, MD
Dimitris A. Kafetzis MD, PhD
Sheldon L. Kaplan, MD
David A. Kaufman, MD
Jerome O. Klein, MD
Leonard R. Krilov, MD
Richard Lander, MD
Paul H. Lipkin, MD
H. Cody Meissner, MD
Scott M. Myers, MD
Amy Middleman, MD, MPH
Paul Offit, MD
Walter A. Orenstein, MD
Heikki Peltola, MD
Michael E. Pichichero, MD
Larry K. Pickering, MD
Pedro A. Piedra, MD
Gary S. Rachelefsky, MD
William Rodriguez, MD
José R. Romero, MD
Pablo J. Sanchez, MD
Kathleen Schwarz, MD
Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE
Andi L. Shane, MD, MPH, MSc
Eugene Shapiro, MD
Stanford T. Shulman, MD
Jeffrey R. Starke, MD
Vytautas Usonis, MD, PhD
Paul A. Volberding, MD
Ellen R. Wald, MD
Gerald Whitman, MD

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O&P Administrative Staff
John Kinder
Pam Young
O&P Practitioners
Randall Alley, CP, BSc, FAAOP.
Kevin Carroll, MS, CP, FAAOP
Glenn Garrison, CPO
JoAnne Kanas, PT, CPO, DPT, Pediatric Orthotic and Prosthetic Services, LLC
Thomas P. Karolewski, CP, FAAOP
Joel J. Kempfer, CP, FAAOP
Robert S. Lin, MEd, CPO, FAAOP
Jonathan Naft, CPO
Matthew Parente, MS, PT, CPO
Justina S. Shipley CO, MEd, BOCP, FAAOP Eric Shoemaker, MS, CPO
Rhonda F. Turner, PhD, JD, (BOCPO, CFm)
O&P Researchers and Educators
Steven A. Gard, PhD
Mark D. Geil, PhD
Mark Pitkin, PhD, DSc
O&P Technicians
Sarah Clark
Tony Culver
Steve Hill, CO
Glenn Hutnick, CPO, CTP, FAAOP
Greg Mattson, CTPO
Scott Wimberley
O&P Industry
Michael Angelico
Debbie Ayres
Jeffrey M. Brandt, CPO
Sue Borondy
Jennifer Fayter
Russell Hornfisher
Jeffry G. Kingsley
Karen Lundquist
Brad Mattear LO, CPA
Matt Perkins
Don Pierson, CO, CPed
Brooke Raasch
Jon Shreter, CPO
Michael Sotak
Scott Viglianti
Lisa Watkins
Claudia Zacharias, MBA, CAE

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, Chief Medical Editor

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Cataract Surgery
Section Editor:
John A. Hovanesian, MD
Members:
Priscilla E. Perry Arnold, MD
Steve A. Arshinoff, MD, FRCSC
Rosa Braga-Mele, MD, FRCSC
Stephen F. Brint, MD
David F. Chang, MD
Elizabeth A. Davis, MD, FACS
David Dillman, MD
I. Howard Fine, MD
William J. Fishkind, MD
Howard V. Gimbel, MD
Bonnie An Henderson, MD
Manus C. Kraff, MD
Robert P. Lehmann, MD
Louis D. Nichamin, MD
Randall J. Olson, MD
Robert H. Osher, MD
Kenneth J. Rosenthal, MD
Steven B. Siepser, MD
R. Bruce Wallace III, MD
Jeffrey Whitman, MD
William F. Maloney, MD, Editor Emeritus
Contact Lenses
Section Editor:
Penny A. Asbell, MD, FACS, MBA
Members:
H. Dwight Cavanagh, MD
Peter C. Donshik, MD
Donald J. Doughman, MD
Cornea/External Disease
Section Editor:
David R. Hardten, MD
Members:
Eduardo C. Alfonso, MD
Eric D. Donnenfeld, MD
David R. Hardten, MD
Edward J. Holland, MD
John A. Hovanesian, MD
Thomas John, MD
Terry Kim, MD
Francis S. Mah, MD
Terrence P. O'Brien, MD
Francis W. Price Jr., MD
Roger F. Steinert, MD
R. Doyle Stulting, MD, PhD
Kenneth R. Kenyon, MD, Editor Emeritus
Glaucoma
Section Editor:
Thomas W. Samuelson, MD
Members:
Ike K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC
Louis B. Cantor, MD
Anne L. Coleman, MD, PhD
Nathan G. Congdon, MD, MPH
Alan S. Crandall, MD
Steven J. Gedde, MD
Richard A. Lewis, MD
Douglas J. Rhee, MD
Alan L. Robin, MD
Bradford J. Shingleton, MD
Joel S. Schuman, MD
George L. Spaeth, MD
James C. Tsai, MD
Robert N. Weinreb, MD
Healio.com/Ophthalmology
Section Editor:
Uday Devgan, MD, FACS
Members:
Parag Majmudar, MD
William B. Trattler, MD
Neurosciences
Section Editor:
Barrett Katz, MD, MBA
Members:
Kimberly P. Cockerham, MD
Steven Feldon, MD
Peter J. Savino, MD
Thomas L. Slamovits, MD
Optics
Section Editor:
Jack T. Holladay, MD, MSEE
Members:
Raymond Applegate, OD, PhD
Adrian Glasser, PhD
Scott M. MacRae, MD
Edwin J. Sarver, PhD
Jim Schwiegerling, PhD
Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Section Editor:
Mark R. Levine, MD, FACS
Members:
Richard L. Anderson, MD
John R. Burroughs, MD
Barrett G. Haik, MD, FACS
John Holds, MD
Thomas J. Joly, MD, PhD
Yoon-Duck Kim, MD
William J. Lipham, MD
Dale R. Meyer, MD
Jeffrey A. Nerad, MD
Frank A. Nesi, MD
John D. Ng, MD
Jay Justin Older, MD
Julian D. Perry, MD
Allen Putterman, MD, SC
Charles B. Slonim, MD
Pediatrics/Strabismus
Section Editor:
Robert S. Gold, MD
Members:
Kenneth P. Cheng, MD
Anthony P. Johnson, MD
Scott E. Olitsky, MD
Naval Sondhi, MD
Rudolph S. Wagner, MD
Roberto Warman, MD
Practice Management
Section Editor:
John B. Pinto
Members:
Paul N. Arnold, MD, FACS
Riva Lee Asbell
Jeffrey R. Brant, MD
Kevin J. Corcoran, COE, CPC
Richard Gable, PhD, MBA
Bernard A. Milstein, MD
J.C. Noreika, MD, MBA
E. Ann Rose
Jay Slagle, CPA, MHSA, CHE
Herve M. Byron, MD, Editor Emeritus
Refractice Surgery
Section Editor:
Daniel S. Durrie, MD
Members:
Noel A. Alpins, MD
Steven J. Dell, MD
Richard J. Duffey, MD
Peter S. Hersh, MD
Mitchell A. Jackson, MD
Marguerite B. McDonald, MD
Thomas F. Neuhann, MD
Stephen G. Slade, MD
Kerry D. Solomon, MD
Vance M. Thompson, MD
Roberto Zaldivar, MD
Regulatory/Legislative
Section Editor:
Alan E. Reider, JD
Members:
Wayne Matelski, JD
Michael Romansky, JD
Allison Weber Shuren, MSN, JD
Retina/Vitreous
Section Editor:
Carmen A. Puliafito, MD, MBA
Members:
Thomas B. Connor Jr., MD
Emmett T. Cunningham, MD
Eugene de Juan, MD
Jay S. Duker, MD
Christine A. Gonzales, MD
Julia A. Haller, MD
Seenu M. Hariprasad, MD
Allen C. Ho, MD
Michael S. Ip, MD
Glenn J. Jaffe, MD
Peter K. Kaiser, MD
Judy E. Kim, MD
William F. Mieler, MD
Robert Morris, MD
Andrew A. Moshfeghi, MD, MBA
Timothy W. Olsen, MD
Kirk Packo, MD
Carl D. Regillo, MD
George A. Williams, MD

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Carmen Barraquer, MD, Associate Editor
Enrique Graue, MD, Associate Editor
Virgilio Centurión, MD, Associate Editor
Ricardo Guimarães, MD, Associate Editor
S. Fabian Lerner, MD, Associate Editor

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Members:
Dra. Carmen Barraquer
Dr. Enrique Graue
Dr. S. Fabián Lerner
Dr. Virgilio Centurión
Dr. Ricardo Guimarães
Dr. Richard L. Lindstrom
Dr. Arturo A. Alezzandrini Jr
Dra. María Clara Arbeláez
Dr. Eduardo Arenas Archila
Dr. Carlos J. Argento
Dr. Paulo Augusto de Arruda Mello
Dr. Marcos Ávila, PhD
Dr. Everardo Barojas
Dr. Rafael I. Barraquer
Dr. Edgardo Carreño
Dr. Arturo Chayet
Dr. Francisco Contreras
Dr. Rafael Cortez
Dr. Tadeu Cvintal
Dr. Rodrigo Donoso
Dr. Robert Drews
Dr. Rafael González-Vivas
Dra. Marcia Guimarães
Dra. Angela M.A. Gutiérrez
Dr. Jaco Lavinsky
Dr. Enrique Malbran Jr
Dr. António Marinho
Dr. Antonio Méndez Noble
Dr. Hamilton Moreira
Dr. Hugo Daniel Nano Jr.
Dr. Ramón Naranjo-Tackman
Dr. Walton Nosé
Dr. Canrobert Oliveira
Dr. Miguel Ângelo Padilha
Dr. Flavio Rezende
Dr. Enrique Suárez
Dr. Remo Susanna Jr
Dr. Gustavo F. Tamayo
Dr. Fernando Trindade
Dr. Julio A. Urrets-Zavalia
Dr. Carlos L. Vera Cristo
Dr. Juan Verdaguer
Dr. Roberto Zaldívar

Anthony A. Romeo, MD, Chief Medical Editor

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Arthroscopy
Section Editor:
Matthew T. Provencher, MD
Members:
Stephen S. Burkhart, MD
John D. Kelly IV, MD
Bruce A. Levy, MD
Dean K. Matsuda, MD
Marc J. Philippon, MD
Richard K.N. Ryu, MD
Felix H. Savoie III, MD
John T. Tokish, MD
Nikhil N. Verma, MD
Basic Science & Technology
Section Editor:
Gunnar B.J. Andersson, MD, PhD
Members:
Steven P. Arnoczky, DVM
Anthony M. DiGioia III, MD
Lisa A. Fortier, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Jay R. Lieberman, MD
Augustus D. Mazzocca, MD
Scott A. Rodeo, MD
The Business of Orthopedics
Section Editor:
Jack M. Bert, MD
Members:
B. Sonny Bal, MD, JD, MBA
William R. Beach, MD
Charles A. Bush-Joseph, MD
Robert D. D’Ambrosia, MD
David M. Glaser, JD
Louis F. McIntyre, MD
David Alan Wong, MD
Foot & Ankle
Section Editor:
James Sferra, MD
Members:
Gregory C. Berlet, MD
Carol C. Frey, MD
David I. Nedowitz, MS, MD
Nelson SooHoo, MD
Hand & Upper Extremity
Section Editor:
David C. Ring, MD, PhD
Members:
Scott H. Kozin, MD
A. Lee Osterman, MD
Scott P. Steinman, MD
Joint Reconstruction
Section Editor:
Thomas P. Schmalzried, MD
Members:
John M. Cuckler, MD
Craig J. Della Valle, MD
Douglas A. Dennis, MD
A. Seth Greenwald, DPhil (Oxon)
William G. Hamilton, MD
Per Kjaersgaard-Andersen, MD
Robert S. Namba, MD
Javad Parvizi, MD, FRCS
Robert T. Trousdale, MD
Musculoskeletal Oncology & Metabolic Bone Disease
Section Editor:
John Kaufman, MD
Members:
Valerare O. Lewis, MD
Herrick J. Siegel, MD
Pediatrics
Section Editor:
Alvin Howell Crawford, MD, FACS
Members:
Robert E. Eilert, MD
John M. Flynn, MD
Shital N. Parikh, MD
Jeffrey R. Sawyer, MD
Lawrence Wells, MD
Rehabilitation
Section Editor:
Douglas E. Garland, MD
Members:
James R. Ficke, MD
Kevin E. Wilk, PT, DPT, FAPTA
Shoulder & Elbow
Section Editor:
Christopher S. Ahmad, MD
Members:
John G. Costouros, MD
Samer Hasan, MD, PhD
Jay D. Keener, MD
Jonathan Levy, MD
Peter J. Millett, MD
Michael L. Pearl, MD
Matthew L. Ramsey, MD
John W. Sperling, MD, MBA
Spine
Section Editor:
Scott D.Boden, MD
Members:
Todd J. Albert, MD
Andrew C. Hecht, MD
James Kang, MD
Vikas V. Patel, MD
Joseph Smucker, MD
Sports Medicine
Section Editor:
John A. Bergfeld, MD
Members:
Elizabeth A. Arendt, MD
Champ L. Baker Jr., MD
Kevin P. Black, MD
Brian J. Cole, MD, MBA
R. Alexander Creighton, MD, CAQSM
Freddie H. Fu, MD, DSc(Hon), DPs(Hon)
Darren L. Johnson, MD
Eric McCarty, MD
Brett D. Owens, MD
Michael J. Stuart, MD
Douglas W. Jackson, MD, Editor Emeritus
Trauma
Section Editor:
Roy W. Saunders, MD
Members:
Carlo Bellabarba, MD
Mohit Bhandari, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Michael D. McKee, MD, FRCS(C)
Mark A. Mighell, MD
William M. Ricci, MD
J. Tracy Watson, MD

Michael D. DePaolis, OD, FAAO, Editor

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Members:
Jeffrey Anshel, OD
Jill Autry, OD, RPh
Michael Bartiss, OD, MD
Marc Bloomenstein, OD
Charles B. Brownlow, OD
Linda Casser, OD
Louis J. Catania, OD
Anthony A. Cavallerano, OD
Walter L. Choate Jr., OD
Scott A. Edmonds, OD
Murray Fingeret, OD
I. Ben Gaddie, OD
Scott Hauswirth, OD
Terry F. Hawks, OD
Milton M. Hom, OD
John A. Hovanesian, MD
William Jones, OD
Paul M. Karpecki, OD
Gregory Kraupa, OD
Jerome Legerton, OD
Richard L. Lindstrom, MD
John A. McCall Jr., OD
Arthur A. Medina Jr., OD
Ron Melton, OD
Bruce E. Onofrey, OD, RPh
John W. Potter, OD
Christopher J. Quinn, OD
Alan L. Robin, MD
Alfred A. Rosenbloom Jr., OD
Leo P. Semes, OD
Jerome Sherman, OD
Joseph P. Shovlin, OD
Leonid Skorin Jr., OD, DO
Jennifer L. Smythe, OD, MS
J. James Thimons, OD
Randall Thomas, OD
Michael Tolentino, MD
Wayne W. Wood, OD

Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Editor
Roxana Mehran, MD, Associate Medical Editor

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Members:
Alexandre Abizaid, MD
Amjad AlMahameed, MD, MPH
Dominick J. Angiolillo, MD
Gary M. Ansel, MD, FACC, FAHA
David Antoniucci, MD
Steven R. Bailey, MD
Faisal G. Bakaeen, MD
Subhash Banerjee, MD
Eric R. Bates, MD
Anthony Bavry, MD, MPH
Peter C. Block, MD
William E. Boden, MD
Emmanouil S. Brilakis, MD, PhD
Nicolas A.F. Chronos, MD
David J. Cohen, MD
Robert S. Dieter, MD, RVT
David P. Faxon, MD, FACC
Ted Feldman, MD
Fausto Feres, MD, PhD
James A. Goldstein, MD
Paul A. Gurbel, MD
Christian Hamm, MD
Howard C. Herrmann, MD
Yong Huo, MD
Michael R. Jaff, DO
Ik-Kyung (IK) Jang, MD, PhD
Saibal Kar, MD
Morton J. Kern, MD
Adnan Kastrati, MD
Dean Kereiakes, MD
Scott Kinlay, MD
Ajay Kirtane, MD, SM
Lloyd W. Klein, MD
John R. Laird Jr., MD
Michael J. Mack, MD
Rajendra Makkar, MD
Steve Marso, MD
Shamir Mehta, MD
Gary S. Mintz, MD
David J. Moliterno, MD
Gilles Montalescot, MD, PhD
Jeffrey W. Moses, MD
Aravinda Nanjundappa, MD
William O’Neill, MD
Igor F. Palacios, MD
Seung-Jung Park, MD, PhD
Carl J. Pepine, MD
Duane Pinto, MD, MPH
Matthew Price, MD
Sunil V. Rao, MD
Charanjit S. Rihal, MD
Kenneth Rosenfield, MD, FACC
Ashok Seth, MD
Samin K. Sharma, MD
Mehdi H. Shishehbor, DO
Ph. Gabriel Steg, MD
Gregg W. Stone, MD
E. Murat Tuzcu, MD
Renu Virmani, MD
Christopher J. White, MD, FACC, FAHA
Mark H. Wholey, MD
Marco A. Zenati, MD

Ira M. Jacobson, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Michael S. Saag, MD, Chief Medical Editor

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Members:
Nezam A. Afdhal, MD
Michael Charlton, MD
Raymond T. Chung, MD
Douglas T. Dieterich, MD
Jordan J. Feld, MD, MPH
Jonathan M. Fenkel, MD
Ryan M. Ford, MD
Catherine T. Frenette, MD
Stevan A. Gonzalez, MD, MS
Hetal Karsan, MD
Arthur Y. Kim, MD
Paul Y. Kwo, MD
Daniel H. Leung, MD
Kristen Marks, MD
Paul Martin, MD
Susanna Naggie, MD, MHS
Michael R. Narkewicz, MD
Marion G. Peters, MD
Paul Pockros, MD
Nancy S. Reau, MD
Philip Rosenthal, MD
Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD
Mark S. Sulkowski, MD
Andrew H. Talal, MD, MPH
David L. Wyles, MD

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Members:
Douglas G. Adler, MD, FACG, AGAF, FASGE
Jasmohan Bajaj, MD
Brooks D. Cash, MD, FACP, FACG
William D. Chey, MD
Anthony J. DiMarino, Jr., MD
Francis A. Farraye, MD, MSc
Gary R. Lichtenstein, MD
David T. Rubin, MD
Paul S. Sepe, MD
Dale N. Shepard, MD, PhD, FACP

Leonard H. Calabrese, DO
Chief Medical Editor

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Peer Perspective Board:
Calvin R. Brown Jr, MD
Vivian Bykerk, BSc, MD, FRCPC
Stanley Cohen, MD
Jeffrey R. Curtis, MD, MS, MPH
Allan Gibofsky, MD, JD, FACP, FCLM
Gary S. Hoffman, MD, MS, MACR
M. Elaine Husni, MD, MPHJonathan Kay, MD
Brian F. Mandel, MD, PhD, FACR, MACP
Kenneth G. Saag, MD, MSc
Michael C. Schweitz, MD
Gregg J. Silverman, MD
Vibeke Strand, MD, MACR, FACP
John R.P. Tesser, MD
Michael H. Weisman, MD
Kevin L. Winthrop, MD, MPH

Derek Raghavan, MD, PhD, FACP, FRACP, FASCO
Chief Medical Editor
John Sweetenham, MD, FRCP, FACP
Chief Medical Editor
Donald L. Trump, MD, FACP
Associate Editor: Medical oncology
Walter J. Curran Jr., MD, FACR
Associate Editor: Radiation oncology
Nicholas J. Petrelli, MD
Associate Editor: Surgical oncology

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Bone Marrow Transplantation
Section Editor:
Sergio A. Giralt, MD
Members:
Ed Copelan, MD
Gerhard Carl Hildebrandt,
MD, FACP
William Wood, MD
Breast Cancer
Section Editor:
William J. Gradishar, MD, FACP
Members:
Adam M. Brufsky, MD, PhD, FACP
Andrew D. Seidman, MD
Charles L. Shapiro, MD
Antoinette Tan, MD, MHS
Debu Tripathy, MD
Douglas Yee, MD
Disparities of Care
Section Editor:
Beverly Moy, MD, MPH
Members:
Otis W. Brawley, MD, FACP
Gastrointestinal Cancer
Section Editor:
David H. Ilson, MD, PhD
Members:
Jimmy J. Hwang, MD
Andrew H. Ko, MD
Genitourinary Cancers
Section Editor:
Maha Hussain, MD, FACP, FASCO
Members:
Sumanta K. Pal, MD
Dan Petrylak, MD
Brian I. Rini, MD
Eila C. Skinner, MD
Mark Stein, MD
Geriatric
Oncology
Section Editor:
Arti Hurria, MD
Gynecologic
Oncology
Section Editor:
David M. Gershenson, MD
Members:
Maurie Markman, MD
Head and Neck Cancer
Section Editor:
Barbara Burtness, MD
Members:
Dave Adelstein, MD
Ranee Mehra, MD
Cristina Rodriguez, MD
Health Policy
and Value of Care
Section Editor:
Samuel M. Silver, MD, PhD, MACP, FASCO
Members:
Blase Polite, MD, MPP
Lowell E. Schnipper, MD
Hemostasis, Coagulation and Vascular Disorders
Section Editor:
Nigel Key, MB, CHB, FRCP
Members:
Kenneth A. Bauer, MD
Katherine A. High, MD
Gregory M. Vercellotti, MD, FACP
Imaging Oncology
Section Editor:
Munir Ghesani, MD
Independent/Private Community Practice
Section Editor:
J. Philip Kuebler, MD
International Affairs
Members:
Michael Boyer, MD
Rakesh Chopra, MD
Michael Findlay, MBChB, MD, FRACP
Leukemia
Section Editor:
Michael J. Mauro, MD
Members:
John C. Byrd, MD
Robert Peter Gale, MD, PhD, FACP
Jonathan M. Gerber, MD
Kanti R. Rai, MD
Lung Cancer
Section Editor:
Thomas J. Lynch, MD
Members:
Edward S. Kim, MD
Tarek Mekhail, MD, MSc, FRCSI, FRCSEd
Michael B. Steinberg, MD, MPH
Lymphoma
Section Editor:
Craig H. Moskowitz, MD
Members:
Stephen M. Ansell, MD, PhD
Myron S. Czuczman, MD
Brad S. Kahl, MD
Alexandra Levine, MD, MACP
Melanoma
Section Editor:
Sanjiv S. Agarwala, MD
Members:
Robert H.I. Andtbacka, MD, CM
Allan C. Halpern, MD
Omid Hamid, MD
Wen-Jen Hwu, MD, PhD
Vernon K. Sondak, MD
Jedd Wolchok, MD, PhD
Molecular Oncology
Section Editor:
Charis Eng, MD, PhD
Members:
Wafik S. El-Deiry, MD, PhD, FACP
Myeloma
Section Editor:
Paul G. Richardson, MD
Members:
Sagar Lonial, MD
Saad Z. Usmani, MD
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Hematopoiesis & Bone Marrow Disorders
Members:
Dan S. Kaufman, MD, PhD
Ruben A. Mesa, MD
Srdan Verstovsek, MD, PhD
Neuro-Oncology
Section Editor:
Manmeet Ahluwalia, MD
Members:
Roger J. Packer, MD
Ashley L. Sumrall, MD
Nursing / PAs
Section Editor:
Susan Childress, RN, MN, OCN
Members:
Beth Faiman, PhDc, MSN, APN-BC, AOCN
Kimberly George, MSN-CNS, APRN, ACNS-BC, OCN
David L. Jennings II, MSN, RN, AGPCNP-BC
Linda Perry, MS, PA-C
Mary Jo Pilat, PhD, MS, PA-C, CCRP
Paula Rieger, RN, MSN, CAE, FAAN
Janice M. Shipe-Spotloe, PA-C, MS
Lindsey Sirriano, MSPAS, PA-C
Joan B. Zampieri, MS, PA-C
Palliative Care
Members:
Charles D. Blanke, MD
Diane E. Meier, MD, FACP
T. Declan Walsh, MD
Christine A. Zawistowski, MD
Pediatric Hematology & Oncology
Section Editor:
Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH
Members:
Gregory T. Armstrong, MD, MSCE
Pharmacology
Section Editor:
Lisa K. Lohr, PharmD, BCPS, BCOP
Members:
Jai Patel, PharmD
Platelet Disorders & Physiology
A. Koneti Rao, MD
Radiation oncology
John Suh, MD
Red Cells & Hemoglobinopathies
Section Editor:
Ralph Green, MD, PhD, FRCPath
Survivorship
Section Editor:
Anne Blaes, MD
Transfusion Medicine
Section Editor:
Christopher Silliman, MD, PhD
Members:
Jed Gorlin, MD
Ronald Sacher, MD
Founding Chief Medical Editors
Members:
Harry S. Jacob, MD, FRCPath(Hon)
Joseph R. Bertino, MD

Paul A. Volberding, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Theodore C. Eickhoff, MD, Editor Emeritus

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Members:
Elizabeth S. Dodds Ashley, PharmD, MHS
James H. Brien, DO
Denise M. Cardo, MD
Peter Chin-Hong, MD
David Cohn, MD
Elizabeth Connick, MD
Burke A. Cunha, MD, MACP
Herbert L. DuPont, MD
Joel D. Ernst, MD
Thomas File Jr., MD
R. Brooks Gainer, MD
Kathleen F. Gensheimer, MD, MPH
Ellie J.C. Goldstein, MD
W. David Hardy, MD
James Hughes, MD
Richard F. Jacobs, MD
Timothy F. Jones, MD
Donald Kaye, MD
Keith S. Kaye, MD, MPH
Amy B. Middleman, MD, MPH
J. Glenn Morris, Jr., MD, MPH
Kathleen M. Neuzil, MD, MPH
George Pankey, MD
Marion G. Peters, MD
Lyle R. Petersen, MD, MPH
Patricia M. Quinlisk, MD, MPH
William Schaffner, MD
Eugene D. Shapiro, MD
Arnon Shimshony, DVM
Leon Smith, MD, MACP
Stephen Smith, MD
Mark Sulkowski, MD
Michael L. Tapper, MD
George R. Thompson, MD
Christopher W. Woods, MD, MPH

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD - Global Chief Medical Editor
Richard B. Packard, MD, FRCS - Chairperson of the Editorial Board
H. Burkhard Dick, MD, Associate Editor
Lucio Buratto, MD, PhD,Associate Editor

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Members:
Jorge L. Alió, MD, PhD
Michael Amon, MD
Ehud I. Assia, MD
Gerd U. Auffarth, MD
Susanne Binder, MD
Dominique Bremond – Gignac, MD, PhD
Alain Bron, MD
Camille J. Budo Jr., MD
Massimo Camellin, MD
Roberto Carassa, MD
Francesco Carones, MD
Béatrice Cochener, MD, PhD
Efekan Coskunseven, MD
José G. Cunha-Vaz, MD, PhD
Sheraz M. Daya, MD
Dimitrii Dementiev, MD
Alessandro Galan, MD
Stefano Gandolfi, MD
Günther Grabner, MD
José Güell, MD
Farhad Hafezi, MD, PhD
A. John Kanellopoulos, MD
Vikentia Katsanevaki, MD, PhD
Michael C. Knorz, MD
Thomas Kohnen, MD
Jean-François Korobelnik, MD
Pavel Kuchynka, MD
Paolo Lanzetta, MD
Sihem Lazreg, MD
Reijo J. Linnola, MD, PhD
Anat Loewenstein, MD
François Malecaze, MD, PhD
Florence Malet, MD
Boris Malyugin, MD, PhD
Antonio A.P. Marinho, MD
Frances Meier-Gibbons, MD
Gerrit Melles, MD, PhD
Rupert Menapace, MD
Marco Nardi, MD
Thomas Neuhann, MD
Ioannis G. Pallikaris, MD
Prof. Bo T. Philipson
Matteo Piovella, MD
Magda Rau, MD
Emanuel S. Rosen, FCOphth
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth, MD, PhD
Theo Seiler, MD, PhD
Philippe Sourdille, MD
Pavel Stodulka, MD, PhD
Marie-José Tassignon, MD, PhD
Alain Telandro, MD
Manfred Tetz, MD
David Touboul, MD
Gabriel van Rij, MD, PhD

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, Global Chief Medical Editor
Dennis S.C. Lam, MD, FRCOphth, Chairperson of the Editorial Board
Hiroko Bissen-Miyajima, MD, Associate Editor
Michael A. Lawless, MD, Associate Editor
Yi-zhi Liu, MD, PhD, Assistant Editor
Clement C.Y. Tham, BM, BCh, FCOphthHK, FRCS, Assistant Editor
Tien Yin Wong, MD, MPH, PhD, Assistant Editor

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Members:
Amar Agarwal, MS, FRCS, FRCOphth(Lon)
Hyosook Ahn, MD
Makoto Aihara, MD
Noel A. Alpins, FRACO, FRCOphth, FACS
Shiro Amano, MD
Tin Aung, MBBS, NMed(ophth), FRCS (Edinburgh), FRCOphth, FAMS, PhD
Rajvardhan Azad, MD, FRCS
Noriyuki Azuma, MD, PhD
Jamiyanjav Baasankhu, MD, PhD
Graham Barrett, FRACO, FRACS
Nadeem Nafeez Butt, FRCS
John S. Chang, MB, BCh, BAO
Taraprasad Das, MD
Lu Fan, MD, OD, MS
Seng-Kheong Fang, MD
Takashi Fujikado, MD
Jian GIvan Goldberg, MBBS,
FRANZO, FRACSe, MD, PhD
Tjahjono D. Gondhowiardjo, MD, PhD
Amod Gupta, MD
Ashok K. Grover, MD, MNAMS, FRCS (Glasg)
Ken Hayashi, MD
Osamu Hieda, MD
Ava Hossain, MBBS, FCPS, FICS
Makoto Inoue, MD
Tatsuro Ishibashi, MD, PhD
Kyoko Ishida, MD
Soosan Jacob, MS, FRCS(Glasgow)
Kazuaki Kadonosono, MD
Shigeru Kinoshita, MD, PhD
Daijirou Kurosaka, MD
Yasuaki Kuwayama, MD
Hyung-Woo Kwak, MD, PhD
Chi-Chun Lai, MD
Jin Hak Lee, MD, PhD
Christopher K.S Leung, MD, MB ChB
David Liu, MD
Naoyuki Maeda, MD
Om Krishna Malla, FRCS
Cyres K. Mehta, MS, FASCRS
Keiki R. Mehta, MD
Kazunori Miyata, MD
Con Moshegov, MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS
Manish Nagpal, MS, DO, FRCS
Pran Nagpal, MS, FACS
Kunihiko Nakamura, MD
Cosme N. Naval, MD
Kazuno Negishi, MD
Meng Ngy, MD
Kohji Nishida, MD, PhD
Masahito Ohji, MD
Tetsuro Oshika, MD
Ki Ho Park, MD, PhD
Soon-Phaik Chee, FRCOphth, FRCS(a)
Prin Rojanapongpun, MD
Paisan Ruamviboonsuk, MD
Miho Sato, MD
Jun Shimazaki, MD
Shigeto Shimmura, MD
Ronald Yeoh Lam Soon, MBBS, FAMS, FRCSE, FRCSG, FRCOphth, DO
Pearl Tamesis-Villalon, MD
Donald T.H. Tan, MBBS, FRCSG, FRCSE, FRCOphth
Hugh R. Taylor, AC, MD
Hiroko Terasaki, MD
Thi Kim Thanh Ton, MD
Joseph Tumbocon, MD
Abhay R. Vasavada, MD, FRCS
Dushyanthan Wariyapola, MD
Lin-Chung Woung, MD, DMSc
Lee Shu Yen, MBBS, MMed(Ophth), FRCS(Ed), FAMS
Nancy Yuen, MD
Lixin Xie, MD
Guoxing Xu, MD
Ke Yao, MD, PhD

Per Kjaersgaard-Andersen, MD, Chief Medical Editor

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Members:
Paul Ackermann, MD, PhD
Max Aebi, MD, DHC, FRCSC
Jean-Noel Argenson, MD
Dan Atar, MD
Bernard Augereau, MD
José Mário Beca, MD
Árpád Bellyei, MD
George Bentley, ChM, FRCS
Rudolf Bertagnoli, MD
Vassilios Bitounis, MD, FRCS(Ed)
Stephen R. Cannon, FRCS
Ramon Cugat, MD
Robert D. D’Ambrosia, MD
Marco D’Imporzano, MD
Karsten E. Dreinhöfer, MD
Jacques Duparc, MD
Felix Escalas, MD
Gunnar Flivik, MD, PhD
Freddie H. Fu, MD, DSc(Hon), DPs(Hon)
Malcolm S. Glasgow, FRCS
Klaus-Peter Günther, MD
Fares Haddad, MCh(Orth), FRCS
David L. Hamblen, PhD, FRCS, Emeritus Consulting Editor
Joachim Hassenpflug, MD, PhD
Pierre Hoffmeyer, MD
Brian J. Hurson, MCR, FRCSI
Roland P. Jakob, MD
Michiel Janssen, MD
Volkmar Jansson, MD
Karl Knahr, MD
Martin Krismer, MD
Morten Schultz Larsen, MD
John C.Y. Leong, FRCS, MCAS, DSc(Hon)
Lars Lidgren, MD, PhD
H. Wolfram Neumann
Philippe Neyret, MD
Lars Nordsletten, MD, PhD
Munzir Odeh, MD, FRCS
Giancarlo Puddu, MD
Wolfhart Puhl, MD
Pietro Randelli, MD
Hans J. Refior, MD
Francesco Saverio Santori, MD
David Seligson, MD
Katsuji Shimizu, MD, DMSc
Emmanuel Thienpont, MD
Patricia Thoreux, MD
Karl-Göran Thorngren, MD
Mazhar Tokgozoglu, MD
Klemens Trieb, MD
Vassilis S. Tsemanis, MD
René Verdonk, MD, PhD
Jan A.N. Verhaar, MD, PhD
Luigi Zagra, MD

Scott D. Boden, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Orthopedic Surgery
John C. Liu, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Neurosurgery
Daniel Refai, MD, Associate Editor, Neurosurgery

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Todd J. Albert, MD
Gunnar B.J. Andersson, MD, PhD
Charles L. Branch Jr., MD
Evalina L. Burger, MD, BMedSc, MBCHB
Ali Bydon, MD
Norman B. Chutkan MD, FACS
Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
Jeffrey A. Goldstein, MD
Andrew C. Hecht, MD
James D. Kang, MD
Andrew G. King, MD
Joseph C. Maroon, MD
Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos, MD
Vikas V. Patel, MD
Raj D. Rao, MD
K. Daniel Riew, MD
Kern Singh, MD
Joseph Smucker, MD
Vincent C. Traynelis, MD
William C. Welch, MD, FAANS, FACS, FICS
David A. Wong, MD, MSc, FRCS(C)

Journals

Thomas W. Kaminski, PhD, ATC, FACSM, FNATA, Editor

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Editorial Board Members:
J. Troy Blackburn, PhD, ATC
Steven P. Broglio, PhD, ATC
Thomas A. Buckley, EdD, ATC
Douglas Comeau, DO, CAQSM, FAAFP
Richard DeMont, PhD, CAT(C), ATC
Michael G. Dolan, MA, ATC, CSCS
Geoffrey Dover, PhD, CAT(C), ATC
Deanna M. Errico, PT, DPT, ATC
Paul R. Geisler, EdD, ATC
Phillip A. Gribble, PhD, ATC, FNATA
Joseph M. Hart, PhD, ATC
Matthew C. Hoch, PhD, LAT
Wendy L. Hurley, PhD, ATC, CSCS
Thomas W. Kernozek, PhD
Tory R. Lindley, MA, ATC
Kathy Liu, PhD, ATC
Blaine C. Long, PhD, ATC
Jason P. Mihalik, PhD, CAT(C), ATC
Alan R. Needle, PhD, ATC, CSCS
Mitchell J. Rauh, PhD, PT, MPH, FACSM
Andrew Reisman, MD, ATC
Jacob E. Resch, PhD, ATC
Daryl A. Rosenbaum, MD
Scott E. Ross, PhD, ATC
James R. Scifers, DScPT, PT, SCS, LAT, ATC
Charles “Buz” J. Swanik, PhD, ATC
Kathleen A. Swanik, PhD, ATC
Erik E. Swartz, PhD, ATC, FNATA
Stephen J. Thomas, PhD, ATC
Ryan T. Tierney, PhD, ATC, ACI
Kavin Tsang, PhD, ATC
Tricia Hubbard Turner, PhD, ATC
Tamara C. Valovich McLeod, PhD, ATC
Bonnie L. Van Lunen, PhD, ATC
Luzita Vela, PhD, ATC, LAT
Erik Wikstrom, PhD, ATC

Patricia S. Yoder-Wise, RN, EdD, NEA-BC, ANEF, FAAN, Editor-in-Chief

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Special Consultants:
Suzanne Hall Johnson, MN, RN
Barbara Garrett Petrie, PhD, RN-BC, NPP
Administrative Angles
Associate Editors:
Pamela Dickerson, PhD, RN-BC, FAAN
Jean Marie Shinners, PhD, RN-BC
Credentialing
Associate Editor:
Debra Hagler, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, CNE, CHSE, ANEF, FAAN
Leadership and Development
Associate Editor:
Michael R. Bleich, PhD, RN, FAAN
Jan Jones-Schenk, DHSc, RN, NE-BC
Research and Statistics
Associate Editors:
Joan S. Lockhart, PhD, RN, FAAN
Carol A. Mottola, BSN, MA, PhD
Karen L. Rice, DNS, APRN, ACNS-BC, ANP
Teaching Tips
Associate Editors:
Diane M. Billings, EdD, RN, FAAN, ANEF
Karren Kowalski, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, ANEF, FAAN
Editorial Advisory Board:
Patricia Allen, EdD, RN, CNE, ANEF, FAAN
Myrna L. Armstrong, EdD, RN, ANEF(h), FAAN
Kathleen G. Burke, PhD, RN
W. Dean Care, RN, EdD
Bette Case Di Leonardi, BSN, MSN, PhD, RN-BC
Cheryl Christ-Libertin, DNP, CPNP-PC
Lynore D. DeSilets, EdD, RN-BC
Debra Hagler, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, CNE, CHSE, ANEF, FAAN
Barbara Ann Johnston, PhD, RN, CNE
Jan Jones-Schenk, DHSc, RN, NE-BC
Ruth Grant Kalischuk, RN, BN, MEd, PhD
Barbara Griffith Lubejko, MS, RN
Mary Beth Mathews, PhD, RN-BC
Kristi D. Menix, RN-BC, EdD, MSN
Patricia R. Messmer, PhD, RN-BC, FAAN
Lori Rodriguez, PhD, RN
Mary Rodgers Schubert, DNP, MPM, RN
Roy L. Simpson, DNP, RN, DPNAP, FAAN
Elaine L. Smith, EdD, MSN, MBA, NEA-BC, ANEF
Karran Thorpe, RN, BScN, MN, PhD
Sylvain Trepanier, DNP, RN, CENP
Debra Welk, RN, BC

Janis P. Bellack, PhD, RN, FAAN, ANEF, Editor
Amy Barton, PhD, RN, FAAN, Associate Editor
Teri A. Murray, PhD, APHN-BC, RN, FAAN, Assistant Editor
Darrell R. Spurlock, Jr., PhD, RN, NEA-BC, Methodology Corner

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Editorial Board:
Pamela Adamshick, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC
Diane M. Billings, EdD, RN, FAAN, ANEF
Michael R. Bleich, PhD, RN, FAAN
Jan Boller, PhD, RN
Marilyn Brady, PhD, RN
Josepha Campinha-Bacote, PhD, RN, FAAN
Stacey M. Carroll, PhD, APRN, BC
Peggy Chinn, PhD, RN, FAAN
Valorie Dearmon, DNP, RN, NEA-BC
Anthony D’Eramo, MSN, RN, CPHQ
Laura Cox Dzurec, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, ANEF
Linda Ferguson, PhD, RN
Jean Giddens, PhD, RN, FAAN
Helen Hodges, PhD, RN
Pamela M. Ironside, PhD, RN, FAAN, ANEF
Pamela R. Jeffries, DNS, RN, FAAN, ANEF
Suzan Kardong-Edgren, PhD, RN, ANEF, CHSE, FAAN
Laurie M. Lauzon Clabo, PhD, RN
Lucy Leclerc, PhD, RN
Josefina Lujan, PhD, RN
Paula Milone-Nuzzo, PhD, RN, FHHC, FAAN
Karen H. Morin, PhD, RN, FAAN, ANEF
Judy I. Murphy, PhD, RN, CNE
Chad Ellis O'Lynn, PhD, RN, CNE, RA
Ronald J. Piscotty, PhD, RN-BC
Kathleen A. Poindexter, PhD, RN, CNE
Carla E. Randall, PhD, RN
Deanna L. Reising, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, ANEF
Lee A. Schmidt, PhD, RN
Lisa A. Seldomridge, PhD, RN
Sheryl Sommer, PhD, RN, CNE
Nancy Spector, PhD, RN, FAAN
Cynthia S. Teel, PhD, RN, FAAN
Sarah K. Valentine-Maher, MSN, RN, FNP
Theresa M. Valiga, EdD, RN, FAAN, ANEF
Mona Newsome Wicks, PhD, RN, FAAN
Diane M. Wink, EdD, FNP-BC, ARNP, FAANP
Scott R. Ziehm, DNP, RN

Mona Shattell, PhD, RN, FAAN, Editor

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Psychopharmacology Section Editor:
Laura G. Leahy, DrNP, APRN, PMH-CNS/FNP-BC
Aging Matters Section Editor:
Jeanne M. Sorrell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Substance Use and Related Disorders Section Editor:
Julie Worley, PhD, FNP-BC, PMHNP-BC
Youth in Mind Section Editor:
Erin Ellington, DNP, RN, PMHNP-BC
Editorial Board:
Nancy R. Ahern, PhD, RN
Robin Bartlett, PhD, RN
Catherine L. Batscha, DNP
Robin Buccheri, PhD, MHNP, FAAN
Marti Buffum, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC
Michelle Cleary, RN, PhD
Louanne W. Davis, PsyD
Janyce G. Dyer, PhD, CRNP, CS
Peggy El-Mallakh, PhD, RN
Deborah Finfgeld-Connett, PhD, APRN, BC
April A. Gerlock, PhD, ARNP, PMHNP-BC, PMHCNS-BC
Diane Grimaldi, DNP, PMHCNS, BC
Margaret J. Halter, PhD, APRN
Karen Heaton, PhD, FNP-BC, FAAN
Diane Heliker, PhD, RN
Kevin Ann Huckshorn, PhD, RN, CHDC
Frances A. Hughes, RN, DNurs, ONZM
Julia C. Jones, PhD
Judith F. Karshmer, PhD, ARNP, FAAN
Patricia J. Kelly, PhD, MPH, RN, FNP
Cindy Kerber, PhD, APN, CNS
Teena M. McGuinness, PhD, CRNP, FAAN
Deena Nardi, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN
Olimpia Paun, PhD, PMHCNS-BC
Karen Robinson, DNS, APRN, BC, FAAN
Lee Schwecke, RN, EdD
Margaret Swarbrick, PhD, OTR, CPRP
Charles A. Walker, PhD, RN
Martin F. Ward, RMN, Dip. Nurs., Cert. Ed. RNT, NEBSS Dip., MPhil
Barbara J. Warren, PhD, APRN, BC
Diane M. Wieland, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC

Darius M. Moshfeghi, MD, Acting Editor-In-Chief
Kimberly A. Drenser, MD, PhD, Associate Editor
Jay S. Duker, MD , Associate Editor
Theodore Leng, MD, MS, Associate Editor
Rishi P. Singh, MD, Associate Editor
Joel S. Schuman, MD, Associate Editor

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Members:
Sophie Bakri, MD
Francesco Bandello, MD
Susanne Binder, MD
Gabriel Coscas, MD
Donald J. D’Amico, MD
Diana Do, MD
Pravin U. Dugel, MD
Dean Eliott, MD
Howard F. Fine, MD
Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD
Thomas R. Friberg, MD
James G. Fujimoto, PhD
Alain Gaudric, MD
Evangelos S. Gragoudas, MD
Seenu Hariprasad, MD
Alon Harris, PhD
Tarek Hassan, MD
Allen C. Ho, MD
David Huang, MD
Peter K. Kaiser, MD
Judy E. Kim, MD
Shoji Kishi, MD, PhD
Szilard Kiss, MD
John W. Kitchens, MD
Theodore Leng, MD
Martin A. Mainster, PhD, MD
Andrew A. Moshfeghi, MD
Quan Dong Nguyen, MD
Joan M. O’Brien, MD
Gholam A. Peyman, MD
Carl D. Regillo, MD
Richard B. Rosen, MD
Philip J. Rosenfeld, MD, PhD
Steven R. Russell, MD
Srinivas R. Sadda, MD
Ingrid U. Scott, MD, MPH
Gaurav K. Shah, MD
Lawrence J. Singerman, MD, FACS
Alexander C. Walsh, MD
Editors Emeriti:
George W. Weinstein, MD
George L. Spaeth, MD

Joseph R. Hageman, MD, Editor-in-Chief

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Editorial Advisory Board:
Stuart Berger, MD
Irwin Benuck, MD, PhD
Stan L. Block, MD
Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD
Alison Chu, MD
Joel Charrow, MD
Edward E. Conway, Jr., MD
Rachel S. Dawson, DO, MPH, FAAP
Mary D. Dowd, MD, MPA
Jill Glick, MD
Robert J. Hilt, MD, FAAP
Deepak Kamat, MD, PhD
Leonard R. Krilov, MD
John V. Lavigne, PhD
Anthony J. Mancini, MD
Hilary McClafferty, MD
Jordan D. Metzl, MD
Nancy A. Rodriguez, PhD
Rita Rossi-Foulkes, MD, FAAP, MS, FACP
José R. Romero, MD

Michael K. Paasche-Orlow, MD, MA, MPH, Editor-in-Chief

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Practice Editor
Cynthia Baur, PhD
Statistical Editor
Howard Cabral, PhD
Editorial Board:
Timothy Bickmore, PhD
Cindy Brach, MPP
Peter Chang, MD, MPH, ScD, FRCP
Stacy Cooper Bailey, PhD, MPA
Darren A. DeWalt, MD, MPH
Alicia Fernandez, MD
Mirjam Fransen, PhD
Angela Leung, PhD
Kirsten McCaffery, PhD
Lauren McCormack, PhD, MSPH
Cathy D. Meade, PhD, RN, FAAN
Raymond L. Ownby, MD, PhD, MBA
Ruth Parker, MD
Joanne Protheroe, MB ChB, MRes, PhD, FRCGP
Russell Rothman, MD, MPP
Don Rubin, PhD
Rima Rudd, PhD
Marilyn M. Schapira, MD, MPH
Dean Schillinger, MD
Kristine Sørensen, PhD, MSPH
Christian von Wagner, PhD
Barry D. Weiss, MD
Michael S. Wolf, PhD, MPH
H. Shonna Yin, MD, MS

Donna M. Fick, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN, Editor

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Geropharmacology
Section Editor:
Nicole J. Brandt, PharmD, MBA, CGP, BCPP, FASCP
Person-Centered Care
Section Editor:
Kimberly S. Van Haitsma, PhD
Public Policy
Section Editor:
Eileen M. Sullivan-Marx, PhD, RN, FAAN
Research Briefs
Section Editor:
Helen W. Lach, PhD, RN, FAAN
Technology Innovations
Section Editors:
Gregory L. Alexander, PhD, MHA, MIS, RN, FAAN
Bonnie Wakefield, PhD, RN, FAAN
Evidence-based Practice Guideline
Section Editor:
Howard Butcher, RN, PhD
AGS Update
Section Editor:
Ellen Flaherty, PhD, APRN, AGSF
Editorial Board:
Myra A. Aud, PhD, RN
Louanne Bakk, PhD, MSW
Beth E. Barba, PhD, RN, FAGHE, FAAN
Elizabeth Beattie, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Basia Belza, PhD, RN, FAAN
Brenda Bergman-Evans, PhD, APRN-NP, APRN-CNS
Stewart M. Bond, PhD, RN, AOCN
Wanda Blaser Bonnel, PhD, RN
Abraham A. Brody, PhD, RN, GNP-BC
Harleah G. Buck, PhD, RN, FPCN, FAAN
Pamela Z. Cacchione, PhD, APRN, BC
Mary P. Cadogan, DrPH, RN, GNP-BC, FAAN
Mary C. DiBartolo, PhD, RN-BC, CNE
Barbara J. Edlund, PhD, RN, ANP, BC
Marquis D. Foreman, PhD, RN, FAAN
Lorraine Frazier, PhD, RN, FAHA, FAAN
Adam Gerstenecker, PhD
Geri R. Hall, PhD, ARNP, CNS, FAAN
Mary Beth Happ, PhD, RN, FAAN
Keela Herr, PhD, RN, FAAN
Nikki L. Hill, PhD, RN
Sandra P. Hirst, PhD, GNC(C)
Rita A. Jablonski-Jaudon, PhD, CRNP, FAAN
Beverly K. Johnson, PhD, RN
Meredith Wallace Kazer, PhD, CNL, APRN, A/GNP-BC, FAAN
Ann M. Kolanowski, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Vivian Koroknay, MSN, RN, CRRN
Christine R. Kovach, PhD, RN, FAAN
Susan J. Loeb, PhD, RN, FAAN
Meridean Maas, PhD, RN, FAAN
Ann L. McCracken, PhD, RNC
Graham J. McDougall, Jr., PhD, RN, FAAN, FGSA
Karen Devereaux Melillo, PhD, A-GNP-C, FAANP, FGSA
Christine Mueller, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Margaret R. Nolan, MSN, GNP-C
Henry M. Plawecki, RN, PhD
Davina Porock, PhD, RN, FAAN
Bethel Ann Powers, RN, PhD, FSAA, FGSA
David Reed, PhD
Karen M. Rose, PhD, RN
Debra L. Schutte, PhD, RN
Lisa E. Skemp, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Janet K.P. Specht, PhD, RN, FAAN
Fang Yu, PhD, GNP, RN, FAAN
Lin Zhan, PhD, RN, FAAN

Rudolph S. Wagner, MD, Editor
Leonard B. Nelson, MD, MBA, Editor

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Basic Science Tidbits
Column Editor:
Frederick M. Wang, MD
What’s Your Diagnois?
Column Editor:
David S. Walton, MD
Images in Pediatric Ophthalmology
Column Editor:
David S. Walton, MD
Editorial Board:
Robert W. Arnold, MD
Miles J. Burke, MD
R. V. Paul Chan, MD
Patrick DeRespinis, MD
James A. Deutsch, MD
Dawn N. Duss, MD
Robert S. Gold, MD
Suqin Guo, MD
Harold P. Koller, MD
Nils Mungan, MD
Norman Medow, MD
Mary O’Hara, MD, FACS, FAAP
Michael O’Keefe, MD
Scott Olitsky, MD
James Reynolds, MD
Gary Rogers, MD
Robert L. Schwartz, MD
Carol Shields, MD
Jerry A. Shields, MD
Mitchell Strominger, MD
David S. Walton, MD
Frederick M. Wang, MD
Daniel T. Weaver, MD

$Journal of Refractive Surgery$

J. Bradley Randleman, MD, Editor-in-Chief
Michael C. Knorz, MD, Senior Associate Editor

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Associate Editors:
Francesco Carones, MD
Bonnie A. Henderson, MD
George D. Kymionis, MD, PhD
Karolinne Maia Rocha, MD, PhD
Marcony R. Santhiago, MD, PhD
Kazuo Tsubota, MD
Biomechanics
Section Editor:
Giuliano Scarcelli, PhD
Supplements and Special Sections
Section Editor:
Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE
Therapeutic Refractive Surgery
Section Editor:
Dan Z. Reinstein, MD, MA(Cantab), FRCSC
Translational Science
Section Editor:
Farhad Hafezi, MD, PhD
JRS OSN
Page Editor:
Edward E. Manche, MD
Editorial Board:
Amar Agarwal, MS, FRCS, FRCOphth
Jorge L. Alió, MD, PhD
Noel Alpins, FRANZCO, FRCOphth, FACS
Renato Ambrósio, Jr, MD, PhD
Rosa Braga-Mele, MD, MEd, FRCSC
Jens Bühren, MD
Deepinder Dhaliwal, MD
H. Burkhard Dick, MD, PhD
Alaa M. El-Danasoury, MD
Daniel Epstein, MD, PhD
Beatrice Frueh, MD
Damien Gatinel, MD
Günther Grabner, MD
Jesper Hjortdal, MD, PhD
Jack Holladay, MD
David Huang, MD, PhD
Luis Izquierdo, Jr., MD, PhD
Soosan Jacob, MS, FRCS, DNB
Elias F. Jarade, MD, FICS
A. John Kanellopoulos, MD, PhD
Stephen D. Klyce, PhD, FARVO
Richard L. Lindstrom, MD
Scott MacRae, MD
Marguerite B. McDonald, MD
Erik L. Mertens, MD, FEBO
Robert Montés-Micó, OD, PhD
Majid Moshirfar, MD, FACS
Zoltan Z. Nagy, MD
Mark Packer, MD
Jay Pepose, MD, PhD
Konrad Pesudovs, PhD
Francis Price, MD
Cynthia Roberts, PhD
Alain Saad, MD
Jason Stahl, MD
R. Doyle Stulting, MD, PhD
Ikuko Toda, MD
Minoru Tomita, MD, PhD
Paolo Vinciguerra, MD
Li Wang, MD, PhD
George O. Waring, IV, MD, FACS
Steven E. Wilson, MD
Sonia Yoo, MD

Robert D. D’Ambrosia, MD, Editor-in-Chief
Vikas V. Patel, MD, Associate Editor
Terry L. Thompson, MD, Associate Editor

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Tips & Techniques
Section Editor:
Steven F. Harwin, MD, FACS
Board of Editors:
Albert Aboulafia, MD
Michael C. Ain, MD
Robert D. Beckenbaugh, MD
Douglas A. Becker, MD
Louis U. Bigliani, MD
Max Boehler, MD
Pascal Boileau, MD
Michael J. Brennan, MD
Evalina Burger, MD
Franz Burny, MD, PhD
Paolo Cherubino, MD
Norman B. Chutkan, MD
Akin Cil, MD
Tal David, MD
Michael R. Dayton, MD
Terrence C. Demos, MD
Paul E. DiCesare, MD
Keith Donatto, MD
Robert W. Dugas, MD
Naven Duggal, MD
Nabil Ebraheim, MD
T. Bradley Edwards, MD
Robert E. Eilert, MD
David Fabi, MD
Michael Flippin, MD
John M. Froelich, MD
C. Parker Gibbs, MD
Stanley L. Gordon, MD
Andre C. Grant, MD
A. Seth Greenwald, DPhil (Oxon)
James T. Guille, MD
David J. Hak, MD, MBA
David A. Halsey, MD
James J. Hamilton, MD
Zhang Hong, MD
Stephen M. Howell, MD
Cameron B. Huckell, MD
David Jacofsky, MD
Darren L. Johnson, MD
William C. Johnston, MD
James A. Keeney, MD
James F. Kellam, MD
John D. Kelly IV, MD
Andrew King, MD
Kurt John Kitziger, MD
Per Kjaersgaard-Andersen, MD
Christopher J. Kleck, MD
Karl Knahr, MD
George Kontakis, MD
Suhel Kotwal, MD
Jegan Krishnan, MBBS, FRACS, PhD
John C.Y. Leong, FRCS
Bennie G.P. Lindeque, MD
Laurie M. Lomasney, MD
Douglas W. Lundy, MD
Andreas F. Mavrogenis, MD
Eric C. McCarty, MD
Omer Mei-Dan, MD
Fergal Monsell, MSc, PhD
Massimo Morandi, MD
Thomas Moyad, MD
D. Luis Muscolo, MD
Brett D. Owens, MD
Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos, MD, DSc
Rafael Iñigo Pavlovich, MD, PhD
Edward Anthony Rankin, MD
Marc E. Rankin, MD
Michael A. Rauh, MD
Anthony A. Romeo, MD
G. James Sammarco, MD
Nicola Santori, MD
Robert A. Sellards, MD
Franklin H. Sim, MD
Ernest L. Sink, MD
Philip F. Stahel, MD
Haim Stein, MD, DPhil(Oxon)
Murali Sundaram, MD
Vassilis S. Tsemanis, MD
Richard L. Uhl, MD
Jos van Raay, MD
Armando F. Vidal, MD
Johan D. Witt, MD
Yingze Zhang, MD
Robert J. Ziets, MD
Robert D. Zura, MD

Jan Fawcett, MD, Editor
Andrew A. Nierenberg, MD, Associate Editor

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Editorial Advisory Board:
Jay D. Amsterdam, MD
William E. Bunney, Jr., MD
Robert Cancro, MD
Stanley N. Caroff, MD
John M. Davis, MD
Katherine A. Halmi, MD
Paula L. Hensley, MD
Robert J. Hilt, MD, FAAP
Robert Hirschfeld, MD
Eric Hollander, MD
Mady Hornig, MD
Philip G. Janicak, MD
Alan I. Levenson, MD
Carl P. Malmquist, MD
J. John Mann, MD
Norman S. Miller, MD
Katharine J. Nelson, MD
Deborah C. Newman, MD
Caroly Pataki, MD
Mark H. Pollack, MD
Robert M. Post, MD
Jerrold F. Rosenbaum, MD
Alan Schatzberg, MD
William A. Scheftner, MD
S. Charles Schulz, MD
Michael E. Thase, MD
Holly C. Wilcox, PhD

Christine R. Kovach, PhD, RN, FAAN, FGSA, Editor

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Editorial Board:
Elizabeth Beattie, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Christine Bradway, PhD, RN, FAAN
Ellen L. Brown, EdD, MS, RN, FAAN
Sandra C. Burgener, PhD, APRN-BC, FAAN
Howard K. Butcher, PhD, RN, APRN, BC
Pamela Cacchione, PhD, APRN, BC
Barbara Waag Carlson, PhD, RN
Nicholas G. Castle, PhD
Vicki S. Conn, PhD, RN, FAAN
Linda L. Davis, PhD, RN, FAAN
Joan K. Davitt, PhD, MSS, MLSP
Donna M. Fick, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi, PhD, MS, RN
Shelly L. Gray, PharmD, MS
Ann Horgas, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Sarah H. Kagan, PhD, RN, FAAN
Ann Kolanowski, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Christopher S. Lee, PhD, RN, FAHA
Meridean L. Maas, PhD, RN, FAAN
Janice Penrod, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Lorraine J. Phillips, PhD, RN, FNP-C
Bethel Ann Powers, PhD, RN, FSAA, FGSA
David Reed, PhD
Kathy Richards, PhD, RN, FAAN
Karen M. Rose, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Meredeth A. Rowe, PhD, RN, FAAN, FGSA
Debra L. Schutte, PhD, RN
Lisa E. Skemp, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN
Pao-Feng Tsai, PhD, RN
Kimberly Van Haitsma, PhD
Margaret I. Wallhagen, PhD, APRN, BC, GNP, AGSF
Diana L. Woods, PhD, RN, ARNP-BC, FAAN
Heather M. Young, PhD, RN, FAAN

Editorial Board

Newspapers

Journals

Newspapers

Carl J. Pepine, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE, Chief Medical Editor

Richard F. Jacobs, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, Chief Medical Editor Carmen Barraquer, MD, Associate Editor Enrique Graue, MD, Associate Editor Virgilio Centurión, MD, Associate Editor Ricardo Guimarães, MD, Associate Editor S. Fabian Lerner, MD, Associate Editor

Anthony A. Romeo, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Michael D. DePaolis, OD, FAAO, Editor

Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Editor Roxana Mehran, MD, Associate Medical Editor

Ira M. Jacobson, MD, Chief Medical Editor Michael S. Saag, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Leonard H. Calabrese, DO Chief Medical Editor

Paul A. Volberding, MD, Chief Medical Editor Theodore C. Eickhoff, MD, Editor Emeritus

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD - Global Chief Medical Editor Richard B. Packard, MD, FRCS - Chairperson of the Editorial Board H. Burkhard Dick, MD, Associate Editor Lucio Buratto, MD, PhD,Associate Editor

Per Kjaersgaard-Andersen, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Scott D. Boden, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Orthopedic Surgery John C. Liu, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Neurosurgery Daniel Refai, MD, Associate Editor, Neurosurgery

Journals

Thomas W. Kaminski, PhD, ATC, FACSM, FNATA, Editor

Patricia S. Yoder-Wise, RN, EdD, NEA-BC, ANEF, FAAN, Editor-in-Chief

Janis P. Bellack, PhD, RN, FAAN, ANEF, Editor Amy Barton, PhD, RN, FAAN, Associate Editor Teri A. Murray, PhD, APHN-BC, RN, FAAN, Assistant Editor Darrell R. Spurlock, Jr., PhD, RN, NEA-BC, Methodology Corner

Mona Shattell, PhD, RN, FAAN, Editor

Darius M. Moshfeghi, MD, Acting Editor-In-Chief Kimberly A. Drenser, MD, PhD, Associate Editor Jay S. Duker, MD , Associate Editor Theodore Leng, MD, MS, Associate Editor Rishi P. Singh, MD, Associate Editor Joel S. Schuman, MD, Associate Editor

Joseph R. Hageman, MD, Editor-in-Chief

Michael K. Paasche-Orlow, MD, MA, MPH, Editor-in-Chief

Donna M. Fick, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN, Editor

Rudolph S. Wagner, MD, Editor Leonard B. Nelson, MD, MBA, Editor

J. Bradley Randleman, MD, Editor-in-Chief Michael C. Knorz, MD, Senior Associate Editor

Robert D. D’Ambrosia, MD, Editor-in-Chief Vikas V. Patel, MD, Associate Editor Terry L. Thompson, MD, Associate Editor

Jan Fawcett, MD, Editor Andrew A. Nierenberg, MD, Associate Editor

Christine R. Kovach, PhD, RN, FAAN, FGSA, Editor

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Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Carmen Barraquer, MD, Associate Editor
Enrique Graue, MD, Associate Editor
Virgilio Centurión, MD, Associate Editor
Ricardo Guimarães, MD, Associate Editor
S. Fabian Lerner, MD, Associate Editor

Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Editor
Roxana Mehran, MD, Associate Medical Editor

Ira M. Jacobson, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Michael S. Saag, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Leonard H. Calabrese, DO
Chief Medical Editor

Paul A. Volberding, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Theodore C. Eickhoff, MD, Editor Emeritus

Richard L. Lindstrom, MD - Global Chief Medical Editor
Richard B. Packard, MD, FRCS - Chairperson of the Editorial Board
H. Burkhard Dick, MD, Associate Editor
Lucio Buratto, MD, PhD,Associate Editor

Scott D. Boden, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Orthopedic Surgery
John C. Liu, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Neurosurgery
Daniel Refai, MD, Associate Editor, Neurosurgery

Janis P. Bellack, PhD, RN, FAAN, ANEF, Editor
Amy Barton, PhD, RN, FAAN, Associate Editor
Teri A. Murray, PhD, APHN-BC, RN, FAAN, Assistant Editor
Darrell R. Spurlock, Jr., PhD, RN, NEA-BC, Methodology Corner

Darius M. Moshfeghi, MD, Acting Editor-In-Chief
Kimberly A. Drenser, MD, PhD, Associate Editor
Jay S. Duker, MD , Associate Editor
Theodore Leng, MD, MS, Associate Editor
Rishi P. Singh, MD, Associate Editor
Joel S. Schuman, MD, Associate Editor

Rudolph S. Wagner, MD, Editor
Leonard B. Nelson, MD, MBA, Editor

J. Bradley Randleman, MD, Editor-in-Chief
Michael C. Knorz, MD, Senior Associate Editor

Robert D. D’Ambrosia, MD, Editor-in-Chief
Vikas V. Patel, MD, Associate Editor
Terry L. Thompson, MD, Associate Editor

Jan Fawcett, MD, Editor
Andrew A. Nierenberg, MD, Associate Editor